Migrations track database schema changes. I use makemigrations after model changes and review generated migrations. For data migrations, I create empty migrations with makemigrations --empty and write RunPython operations. I test migrations on dev dat

Custom middleware intercepts all requests and responses. I implement __init__ and __call__ methods. Middleware can modify requests before views, modify responses after views, or short-circuit entirely. Common uses include authentication, logging, CORS

Bulk operations reduce database round-trips dramatically. I use bulk_create() for inserting many objects at once, bulk_update() for updates, and update() for queryset-level updates. These bypass save() methods and signals for speed. For large datasets

Django's i18n framework supports multiple languages. I mark strings for translation with gettext() or _(). The makemessages command extracts strings to .po files. Translators fill in translations, then compilemessages creates binary .mo files. I use {

Redis provides fast in-memory caching for Django. I configure it as cache backend and use for session storage. I cache expensive querysets, computed values, and API responses. The cache.get_or_set() method simplifies cache-aside pattern. For cache inv

Graphene brings GraphQL to Django. I define types mapping to models and create resolvers for queries and mutations. Clients request exactly the data they need, reducing over-fetching. I use DjangoObjectType for automatic schema generation from models.

Multi-tenancy allows multiple clients to share one application with isolated data. I use django-tenant-schemas for PostgreSQL schema-based isolation. Each tenant gets a separate schema (database namespace). The middleware routes requests to correct te

Custom actions extend viewsets beyond CRUD operations. I use @action decorator with detail=True/False for object-level or collection-level actions. This creates endpoints like /posts/1/publish/ or /posts/recent/. I specify HTTP methods, permissions, a

Django Silk profiles SQL queries, HTTP requests, and Python code. I install it in development to identify bottlenecks. It shows query counts, execution times, and duplicate queries per request. The web UI visualizes performance data. I use @silk_profi

Django Channels adds WebSocket support and async capabilities. I define consumers similar to views for handling connections. The channel layer enables communication between consumers. For real-time features like chat or notifications, Channels is esse

django-allauth provides ready-made social auth (Google, Facebook, GitHub, etc.). I configure providers in settings with API keys. It handles OAuth flows, token management, and account linking. Users can login with multiple providers. I customize templ

Nested routers create hierarchical URL structures for related resources. I use drf-nested-routers to define parent-child relationships in URLs like /posts/1/comments/. This makes APIs more RESTful and intuitive. I filter child resources by parent ID i