Responsive design patterns with CSS media queries

/* 1. Mobile-first approach */
/* Base styles for mobile */
.container {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 1rem;
}

.nav {
  flex-direction: column;
}

/* Tablet and up */
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 720px;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }

  .nav {
    flex-direction: row;
  }
}

/* Desktop and up */
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 960px;
  }
}

/* Large desktop */
@media (min-width: 1280px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 1200px;
  }
}

/* 2. Common breakpoints */
/* Extra small devices (phones, less than 576px) */
@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
  .hide-mobile {
    display: none;
  }
}

/* Small devices (landscape phones, 576px and up) */
@media (min-width: 576px) {
  .col-sm-6 {
    width: 50%;
  }
}

/* Medium devices (tablets, 768px and up) */
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .col-md-4 {
    width: 33.333%;
  }
}

/* Large devices (desktops, 992px and up) */
@media (min-width: 992px) {
  .col-lg-3 {
    width: 25%;
  }
}

/* Extra large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up) */
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .col-xl-2 {
    width: 16.666%;
  }
}

/* 3. Fluid typography */
body {
  /* Scales from 16px to 20px */
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 2.5vw, 1.25rem);
}

h1 {
  /* Scales from 24px to 48px */
  font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 5vw, 3rem);
  line-height: 1.2;
}

/* 4. Responsive images */
img {
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  display: block;
}

/* Picture element for different image sources */
/*
<picture>
  <source media="(min-width: 1024px)" srcset="large.jpg">
  <source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="medium.jpg">
  <img src="small.jpg" alt="Responsive image">
</picture>
*/

/* 5. Flexbox responsive patterns */
.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.flex-item {
  flex: 1 1 300px; /* grow, shrink, basis */
}

/* Stack on small screens */
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .flex-container {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}

/* 6. Grid responsive patterns */
.grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
  gap: 1.5rem;
}

/* No media queries needed! Auto-responsive */

/* 7. Responsive navigation */
.nav {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
}

.nav-links {
  display: flex;
  gap: 2rem;
  list-style: none;
}

.menu-toggle {
  display: none;
}

/* Mobile navigation */
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .nav-links {
    position: fixed;
    top: 60px;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    background: white;
    flex-direction: column;
    padding: 2rem;
    transform: translateX(-100%);
    transition: transform 0.3s;
  }

  .nav-links.active {
    transform: translateX(0);
  }

  .menu-toggle {
    display: block;
  }
}

/* 8. Responsive spacing */
.section {
  padding: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 4rem) clamp(1rem, 3vw, 2rem);
}

.grid-gap {
  gap: clamp(1rem, 2vw, 2rem);
}

/* 9. Container queries (modern browsers) */
.card-container {
  container-type: inline-size;
}

@container (min-width: 400px) {
  .card {
    display: flex;
  }

  .card img {
    width: 40%;
  }

  .card-content {
    width: 60%;
  }
}

/* 10. Print styles */
@media print {
  .no-print {
    display: none;
  }

  body {
    font-size: 12pt;
    color: black;
    background: white;
  }

  a {
    text-decoration: underline;
  }

  /* Show URLs after links */
  a[href]::after {
    content: " (" attr(href) ")";
  }
}

/* 11. Dark mode */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  body {
    background: #1a1a1a;
    color: #f5f5f5;
  }

  .card {
    background: #2a2a2a;
    border-color: #3a3a3a;
  }
}

/* 12. Reduced motion */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *,
  *::before,
  *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}

/* 13. Orientation */
@media (orientation: landscape) {
  .landscape-only {
    display: block;
  }
}

@media (orientation: portrait) {
  .portrait-only {
    display: block;
  }
}

/* 14. Aspect ratio */
@media (min-aspect-ratio: 16/9) {
  .widescreen {
    display: block;
  }
}

/* 15. Utility classes */
.hidden-mobile {
  display: none;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .hidden-mobile {
    display: block;
  }

  .hidden-desktop {
    display: none;
  }
}

/* 16. Responsive tables */
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  table {
    display: block;
    overflow-x: auto;
  }

  /* Stack table on mobile */
  table thead {
    display: none;
  }

  table tr {
    display: block;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
  }

  table td {
    display: block;
    text-align: right;
    padding-left: 50%;
    position: relative;
  }

  table td::before {
    content: attr(data-label);
    position: absolute;
    left: 10px;
    font-weight: bold;
  }
}